Q. Am I prepared for Winter Storms and Extreme Cold PDF Print E-mail
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Written by Michael Bourg   
Wednesday, 19 December 2007

Many parts of the country are already dealing with cold temperatures and snow. While the danger from winter weather varies across the country, nearly all Americans, regardless of where they live, are likely to face some type of severe winter weather at some point in their lives. That could mean snow or subfreezing temperatures, as well as strong winds or even ice or heavy rain storms. One of the primary concerns is the winter weather's ability to knock out heat, power and communications services to your home or office, sometimes for days at a time. The National Weather Service refers to Winter Storms as the Deceptive Killers because most deaths are indirectly related to the storm. Instead, people die in traffic accidents on icy roads and of hypothermia from prolonged exposure to cold.

Many parts of the country are already dealing with cold temperatures and snow. While the danger from winter weather varies across the country, nearly all Americans, regardless of where they live, are likely to face some type of severe winter weather at some point in their lives. That could mean snow or subfreezing temperatures, as well as strong winds or even ice or heavy rain storms. One of the primary concerns is the winter weather's ability to knock out heat, power and communications services to your home or office, sometimes for days at a time. The National Weather Service refers to Winter Storms as the Deceptive Killers because most deaths are indirectly related to the storm. Instead, people die in traffic accidents on icy roads and of hypothermia from prolonged exposure to cold.

 

Preparing for Winter Weather

Step 1: Get a Kit

  • Prepare an emergency supply kit. A checklist is available at http://www.ready.gov/america/_downloads/checklist.pdf
  • Thoroughly check and update your family's emergency supply kit before winter approaches and add the following supplies in preparation for winter weather:
    • Rock salt to melt ice on walkways
    • Sand to improve traction
    • Snow shovels and other snow removal equipment.
    • Also include adequate clothing and blankets to keep you warm.

 

Step 2: Make a Plan

  • Plan to stay inside, at least for a period of time. Keep in mind that during a severe winter storm it could be hours, or even days, before emergency personnel are able to reach you.
  • If you have a wood burning fire place, consider storing wood to keep you warm if winter weather knocks out your heat.
  • Make sure your home is well insulated and that you have weather stripping around your doors and window sills to keep the warm air inside.
  • Insulate pipes with insulation or newspapers and plastic and allow faucets to drip a little during cold weather to avoid freezing.
  • Learn how to shut off water valves (in case a pipe bursts).
  • Keep fire extinguishers on hand, and make sure everyone in your house knows how to use them. House fires pose an additional risk as more people turn to alternate heating sources without taking the necessary safety precautions.
  • Know ahead of time what you should do to help elderly or disabled friends, neighbors or employees.
  • Hire a contractor to check the structural stability of the roof to sustain unusually heavy weight from the accumulation of snow - or water, if drains on flat roofs do not work.
  • If you have a car, fill the gas tank in case you have to leave. In addition, check or have a mechanic check the following items on your car:
    • Antifreeze levels - ensure they are sufficient to avoid freezing.
    • Battery and ignition system - should be in top condition and battery terminals should be clean.
    • Brakes - check for wear and fluid levels.
    • Exhaust system - check for leaks and crimped pipes and repair or replace as necessary. Carbon monoxide is deadly and usually gives no warning.
    • Fuel and air filters - replace and keep water out of the system by using additives and maintaining a full tank of gas.
    • Heater and defroster - ensure they work properly.
    • Lights and flashing hazard lights - check for serviceability.
    • Oil - check for level and weight. Heavier oils congeal more at low temperatures and do not lubricate as well.
    • Thermostat - ensure it works properly.
    • Tires - make sure the tires have adequate tread. All-weather radials are usually adequate for most winter conditions. However, some jurisdictions require that to drive on their roads, vehicles must be equipped with chains or snow tires with studs.
    • Windshield wiper equipment - repair any problems and maintain proper washer fluid level.

 

Step 3: Be Informed

  • Familiarize yourself with the terms that are used to identify winter weather:
    • Freezing Rain creates a coating of ice on roads and walkways.
    • Sleet is rain that turns to ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet also causes roads to freeze and become slippery.
    • Winter Weather Advisory means cold, ice and snow are expected.
    • Winter Storm Watch means severe weather such as heavy snow or ice is possible in the next day or two.
    • Winter Storm Warning means severe winter conditions have begun or will begin very soon.
    • Blizzard Warning means heavy snow and strong winds will produce a blinding snow, near zero visibility, deep drifts and life-threatening wind chill.
    • Frost/Freeze Warning means below freezing temperatures are expected.
  • Listen to NOAA Weather Radio to stay informed of winter weather watches and warnings.
  • Also monitor commercial radio, television and the Internet. For a full description of what to listen for, and an explanation of different weather terms, refer to the NWS guide.

 

During a Winter Storm

When a Winter Storm WATCH is Issued...

  • Listen to NOAA Weather Radio, local radio, and TV stations, or cable TV such as The Weather Channel for further updates.
  • Be alert to changing weather conditions.
  • Avoid unnecessary travel.

 

When a Winter Storm WARNING is Issued...

  • Stay indoors during the storm.
  • If you must go outside, several layers of lightweight clothing will keep you warmer than a single heavy coat. Gloves (or mittens) and a hat will prevent loss of body heat. Cover your mouth to protect your lungs.
  • Walk carefully on snowy, icy, sidewalks.
  • Avoid traveling by car in a storm, but if you must...
    • Carry an emergency supply kit in the trunk.
    • Keep your car's gas tank full for emergency use and to keep the fuel line from freezing.
    • Let someone know your destination, your route, and when you expect to arrive. If your car gets stuck along the way, help can be sent along your predetermined route.
    • Eat regularly and drink ample fluids, but avoid caffeine and alcohol.
    • Conserve fuel, if necessary, by keeping your residence cooler than normal. Temporarily close off heat to some rooms.
    • If the pipes freeze, remove any insulation or layers of newspapers and wrap pipes in rags. Completely open all faucets and pour hot water over the pipes, starting where they were most exposed to the cold (or where the cold was most likely to penetrate).
    • Maintain ventilation when using kerosene heaters to avoid build-up of toxic fumes. Refuel kerosene heaters outside and keep them at least three feet from flammable objects.

 

 

If You Are Driving...

Drive only if it is absolutely necessary. If you must drive, consider the following:

  • Travel in the day, don’t travel alone, and keep others informed of your schedule. Stay on main roads; avoid back road shortcuts.
  • If you get stuck...
    • Stay with your car. Do not try to walk to safety.
    • Tie a brightly colored cloth (preferably red) to the antenna for rescuers to see.
    • Start the car and use the heater for about 10 minutes every hour. Keep the exhaust pipe clear so fumes won't back up in the car.
    • Leave the overhead light on when the engine is running so that you can be seen.
    • As you sit, keep moving your arms and legs to keep blood circulating and to stay warm.
    • Keep one window away from the blowing wind slightly open to let in air.

 

 

 

Immediately After a Winter Storm

  • Avoid driving and other travel until conditions have improved. Roads may be blocked by snow or emergency vehicles.
  • Avoid overexertion. Heart attacks from shoveling heavy snow are a leading cause of deaths during winter.
  • Cover your mouth, keep dry and watch for signs of frostbite and hypothermia
    • Signs of frostbite: loss of feeling and white or pale appearance in extremities such as fingers, toes, ear lobes, and the tip of the nose. If symptoms are detected, get medical help immediately.
    • Signs of hypothermia: These include uncontrollable shivering, memory loss, disorientation, incoherence, slurred speech, drowsiness, and apparent exhaustion.
    • If symptoms of hypothermia are detected:
      • get the victim to a warm location
      • remove wet clothing
      • put the person in dry clothing and wrap their entire body in a blanket
      • warm the center of the body first
      • give warm, non-alcoholic or non-caffeinated beverages if the victim is conscious
      • get medical help as soon as possible.
  • Follow forecasts and be prepared when venturing outside. Major winter storms are often followed by even colder conditions.
  • Help a neighbor who may require special assistance—infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities. Elderly people and people with disabilities may require additional assistance. People who care for them or who have large families may need additional assistance in emergency situations.

 



 

For further information on how to plan and prepare for winter storms, visit: Federal Emergency Management Agency, American Red Cross or NOAA Watch for more weather-related information.

Last Updated ( Wednesday, 19 December 2007 )
 
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Friday, October 10, 2008

Homeland Security Threat Level: YELLOW (ELEVATED)

Significant National Weather

West:
An early winter storm will produce snow or a rain/snow mix in the lower elevations from the Oregon Cascades and Sierras to Montana and much of Wyoming. Winter storm watches and warnings are in effect for parts of Montana and Wyoming. One to two feet of snow, with locally higher amounts, may fall in some mountain locations by the end of the weekend.  Northerly winds, gusting to 60 mph, are forecast for southern California by this evening. The combination of strong winds and low humidity will create a period of critical fire weather conditions in the valleys and foothills until Saturday. Moisture from Hurricane Norbert (in the eastern Pacific) will enhance thunderstorms across southeast Arizona, New Mexico and eastern Colorado.  As a strong high pressure builds into the Great Basin on Sunday, strong gusty Santa Ana winds could develop across parts of Southern California through Monday.
Midwest:
Cold air and moisture from the western storm will move into the northern Plains and Upper Midwest. Rain may mix with or change to wet snow over the western Dakotas. A winter storm watch is already in effect for westernmost South Dakota and southwestern North Dakota.  Tomorrow, heavy rain and thunderstorms will extend from the Upper Midwest to Missouri.  Moisture from Hurricane Norbert will enhance the rainfall from northeast Kansas to southeast Minnesota picking up 3 to 6 inches of rain.
South:
An upper level low will produce precipitation, including thunderstorms, over Florida, eastern Georgia and the Carolinas.  Showers and thunderstorms will increase this weekend across western Oklahoma and western Texas. The thunderstorms have the potential to produce localized flooding as moisture from Hurricane Norbert streams into the southern High Plains.
Northeast:
High pressure over the region will result in generally dry conditions, only northern Maine will see any precipitation. (NOAA; National Weather Service; Various Media Sources)

Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG)

No new activity to report. (FEMA HQ)

Tropical Weather Outlook

Atlantic/Caribbean:
A broad trough of low pressure, extending from the Windward Islands northeastward into the Atlantic, is producing disorganized shower and thunderstorm activity.  Upper-level winds are expected to remain unfavorable for tropical cyclone development.  A second area of disturbed weather has increased in coverage about 700 miles southwest of the Cape Verde islands.  Additional development of the system is possible during the next couple of days as it moves west-northwestward.

Eastern Pacific:
Hurricane Norbert

At 5:00 pm EDT, the center of Hurricane Norbert was about 315 miles southwest of the southern tip of Baja California moving toward the north-northwest near 8 mph.  A gradual turn toward the north to north-northeast is expected with some increase in forward speed.  Maximum sustained winds are near 85 mph with higher gusts.  Hurricane Norbert is now a category one hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.  No significant change in strength is forecast during the next 12 to 24 hours.

Tropical Storm Odile
At 5:00 pm EDT, the center of Tropical Storm Odile was about 105 miles south of Puerto Angel, Mexico moving toward the west-northwest near 9 mph. This general motion is expected to continue with some decrease in forward speed during the next couple of days.  On this forecast track the center of the storm should move parallel to, but offshore of, the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Maximum sustained winds are near 60 mph with higher gusts.  Strengthening is forecast during the next 24 hours.
Tropical storm force winds extend outward up to 70 miles from the center.

Western Pacific:
No current tropical cyclone warnings. (NOAA, HPC, National Hurricane Center, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center)

Earthquake Activity

No new activity (FEMA HQ)

Preliminary Damage Assessments

No new activity (FEMA HQ)

Wildfire Update

  • National Fire Activity as of Thursday, October 09, 2008:
  • National Wildfire Preparedness Level: 1
  • Initial attack activity: Light (106 new fires)
  • New large fires: 0
  • Uncontained large fires: 2
  • Large fires contained: 0
  • States with large fires: CA, OR (NIFC)

Disaster Declaration Activity

On October 9, 2008, the President signed Major Disaster Declaration FEMA-1802-DR-Kentucky as a result of a Severe Wind Storm, associated with Tropical Depression Ike that occurred September 14 - 15, 2008.  Public Assistance for 33 counties and Hazard Mitigation commonwealth-wide authorized.

On October 9, 2008, the President signed Major Disaster Declaration FEMA-1803-DR-Oklahoma as a result of Severe Storms, Tornadoes and Flooding that occurred September 12 - 19, 2008.  Public Assistance for 10 counties and Hazard Mitigation statewide authorized.  (FEMA HQ)



Thursday, October 9, 2008

Homeland Security Threat Level: YELLOW (ELEVATED)

Significant National Weather

West:
A developing storm system will bring rain and mountain snow showers to the Pacific Northwest and northern Rockies. Snow levels will drop below 3,000 feet from Wyoming to Oregon. Sustained winds of 20 to 40 mph are possible from northern Arizona and central California northward to Idaho, Wyoming and Oregon. Gusts could exceed 45 mph in a few locations this afternoon and tonight.  A fire weather watch has been issued for the entire San Francisco and Monterey Bay region from this evening until Saturday evening.
Tomorrow gusts over 55 mph are possible throughout the region. The windy conditions should spread southward into southern California, setting up a prolonged strong wind event through the weekend. The magnitude and drying effect of these winds will create favorable conditions for fire growth, especially over the interior valleys and mountain ranges.
Midwest:
A generally dry cold front will drop temperatures across the northern part of the region but produce only a few showers and thundershowers.   Freeze warnings are in effect across the western portions of the Dakotas.  South of the front temperatures will reach the lower 80s but north of the front highs will only reach the upper 40s.
South:
Yesterday's storm moves to the South Carolina coast bringing rain and scattered thunderstorms to the Carolinas, eastern Georgia and Florida. This system may produce severe thunderstorms, hail, locally damaging winds and the possibility of an isolated tornado.
Northeast:
A cold front brings a few showers to the region this morning. Rainfall should be very light with most locations receiving less than one half inch. Skies will clear up during the afternoon hours with temperatures climbing into the 70s. (NOAA; National Weather Service; Various Media Sources)

Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG)

No new activity to report. (FEMA HQ)

Tropical Weather Outlook

Atlantic/Caribbean:
Tropical cyclone formation is not expected during the next 48 hours.

Eastern Pacific:
Hurricane Norbert

At 5:00 am EDT the center of Hurricane Norbert was about 410 miles south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico.  Norbert is moving toward the northwest near 7 mph and a gradual turn toward the north is expected later today followed by a turn toward the north-northeast on Friday with some increase in forward speed.  Maximum sustained winds are near 125 mph with higher gusts.  Norbert is a category three hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.  Some fluctuations in intensity are likely during the next 24 hours.  Hurricane force winds extend outward up to 35 miles from the center and tropical storm force winds extend outward up to 140 miles.

Tropical Storm Odile
The fifteenth tropical storm of the season has formed over the eastern Pacific. At 5:00 am EDT the center of Tropical Storm Odile was located about 315 southeast of Puerto Angel, Mexico. Odile is moving toward the west-northwest near 12 mph. A general west-northwestward motion is expected during the next couple of days.  On this forecast track the center of Tropical Storm Odile should move parallel to, but offshore of, the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Maximum sustained winds are near 40 mph with higher gusts.  Some strengthening is forecast during the next 24 hours. Tropical storm force winds extend outward up to 45 miles from the center.

Western Pacific:
No current tropical cyclone warnings. (NOAA, HPC, National Hurricane Center, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center)

Earthquake Activity

No new activity (FEMA HQ)

Preliminary Damage Assessments

No new activity (FEMA HQ)

Wildfire Update

National Fire Activity as of Wednesday, October 8, 2008:
National Wildfire Preparedness Level: 1
Initial attack activity: Light (150 new fires)
New large fires: 0
Uncontained large fires: 4
Large fires contained: 1
States with large fires: KY, CA (2), OR (2) (NIFC)

Disaster Declaration Activity

Florida: On October 8, 2008, the Governor of Florida requested a Major Disaster Declaration as a result of Hurricane Ike, beginning September 8, 2008, and continuing.  The Governor is specifically requesting Public Assistance for 6 counties (Collier, Escambia, Gulf, Manatee, Santa Rosa, and Sarasota) and Hazard Mitigation for the entire State.

Puerto Rico: On October 8, 2008, Amendment #2 for FEMA-1798-DR for Puerto Rico adds 11 municipalities for Individual Assistance and Public Assistance, 7 municipalities for Public Assistance and 6 municipalities for Public Assistance (already designated for Individual Assistance) 

North Carolina: On October 8, 2008, the President signed FEMA-1801-DR-North Carolina as a result of severe storms and flooding associated with Tropical Storm Hanna, September 4-15, 2008.   (FEMA HQ)



Wednesday, October 8, 2008

Homeland Security Threat Level: YELLOW (ELEVATED)

Significant National Weather

South
Thunderstorms with heavy rain at times will extend from northern Alabama through northern Georgia, and into the Carolinas.  The weather system will move slowly eastward by Thursday, October 8.
Midwest
On Wednesday morning, some rainfall will move slowly though the Midwest and Great Lakes region, and into eastern Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia during the afternoon.
Northeast
Showers will move across the western regions of the Northeast by Wednesday evening and spread throughout the Northeast on Thursday as a weak cold front advances.
West
Mostly calm weather occurs across the West, with just a few showers expected over the Northwest and northern Rockies.  A developing weather pattern over the weekend could precipitate the season's first significant Santa Ana wind event in Southern California by Sunday, October 11. (NOAA; National Weather Service; Various Media Sources)

Federal / State Response for Hurricane Ike

FEMA Region VI Update
As of October 7, 2008, nearly all petroleum pipelines had resumed operations.  EPA reports 581,874 barrels per day of the Gulf's crude production remains shut-in.  This is equivalent to 44.8% of the Gulf's crude oil production.  The Gulf's natural gas production shut-in is 2,860 million cubic feet per day, which equates to 38.7 percent of the Gulf's gas production.  All 116 rigs operating in the region are manned.

Federal priorities include the following:  Ensure the safety of all deployed personnel, support emergency shelters, implementation of the Joint State-Federal housing plan, public infrastructure restoration, and continuation of debris removal. (FEMA-DAD)

Louisiana
GOSHEP remains activated at Level III (Emergency Operations).

The National Shelter System (NSS) reports three shelters remain open with a population of 91.  Nine MDRCs / MRICs and ten DRCs are open for registration intake. (FEMA-DAD)

Texas
There are 47 confirmed fatalities.

The State Emergency Operations Center remains activated at Level I (Emergency Conditions).

The NSS reports ten shelters remain open with a population of 1,339.  Twenty-eight MDRCs / MRICs and sixteen DRCs are open for registration intake. (FEMA-DAD)

As of October 6, there are no current power outages being reported.  CenterPoint Energy reports it has restored electricity to all customers that can receive power.

Twenty-four Public Assistance (PA) Preliminary Damage Assessments (PDAs) have been completed, with six PA PDAs scheduled or in progress.  Six Individual Assistance (IA) PDAs have been completed, with one IA PDA scheduled.

As of October 7, some operational limitations still exist on some critical waterways.  These include draft restrictions in Galveston and Texas City, TX waterways. (TX JFO, SitRep #25 Oct 7)

Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG)

No new activity to report.(FEMA HQ)

Tropical Weather Outlook

Atlantic/Caribbean:
Tropical Weather Outlook

Tropical cyclone formation is not expected during the next 48 hours.

Eastern Pacific:
Hurricane Norbert

At 5:00 a.m. EDT, the center of Hurricane Norbert was located about 470 miles south of the southern tip of Baja California. Norbert is moving toward the west-northwest near 10 mph. This motion is expected to continue today with a gradual turn to the north on Thursday. Maximum sustained winds have `Simpson scale.  Additional strengthening is forecast during the next 24 hours. Hurricane force winds extend outward up to 30 miles from the center, and tropical storm force winds extend outward up to 115
miles.

Tropical Weather Outlook
92E
- A slow-moving area of low pressure located about 90 miles southwest of the coast of Nicaragua is currently producing disorganized shower and thunderstorm activity.  Upper-level winds are expected to become more conducive for tropical cyclone formation in this area during the next day or two as the system moves slowly west-northwestward.

Western Pacific:
No tropical cyclone activity affecting United States Territories.(NOAA, HPC, National Hurricane Center, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center)

Earthquake Activity

No new activity (FEMA HQ)

Preliminary Damage Assessments

No new activity (FEMA HQ)

Wildfire Update

National Fire Activity as of Tuesday, October 7, 2008 was light with 43 new fires.  The National Wildfire Preparedness Level is 1.  There were two new large fires reported and one large fire contained.  Five uncontained large fires continue in Kentucky, California, and Oregon.
Fire Weather:  A high pressure ridge will build over the West with warmer and drier conditions.  Offshore flow will develop across southern California, while relative humidity will gradually increase in the Southeast.(NIFC)

Disaster Declaration Activity

The Governor of Missouri requested a major disaster declaration as a result of severe storms, flooding, and flashfloods during the period of September 11-24, 2008.  The Governor is specifically requesting IA for 24 counties and the independent City of St. Louis, PA for 47 counties, and Hazard Mitigation statewide. (FEMA HQ)



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